Assess The Relationship Between Crime, Poverty And Social Protest In The Eighteenth And Early Nineteenth Centuries

America had rebelled and after a successful war become independent; and war with France, which had experienced internal revolution that caused serious concern to the British ruling classes, lasted until 1815. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801 (Evans 2002, 3). In 1700, with a population of approximately 5 million in England, perhaps 80% of the population lived in the countryside, with some 90% in agriculture or related employment whereas by 1801 the population had risen to 8. million and by 1851 to nearly 18 million with only 22% employed in agriculture (Porter 1990, 11, 207; Gardiner & Wenborne 1995, 610; Timmins 2005). The transformation of society through changes in agriculture and industrialisation led inevitably to the creation of new economic relationships and identities within society and to the destruction of old ones. Crime, poverty and social protest were significant factors in these centuries although their relationship is much debated by h istorians. It is certain that their relationship, as well as changing over time, differed by locality, for example heavily urbanised London, whose population had increased to perhaps 700,000 by 1770, will have undergone different experiences to, say, a rural county such as Herefordshire (Shakesheff 2003). Any discussion of the relationship of crime, poverty and social protest must rest on an initial discussion of these terms, in particular the first. Crime is generally understood to indicate acts that contravene the law but this masks the many kinds of accidental and unpremeditated acts, emotional or mental states, deliberate actions and motivations that may come into play (Sharpe 1999, 5). Even within a society there may be disagreements on what constitutes a crime, and the difference between a criminal and non-criminal act may rest on the context of the act. Legislators too may create new crimes while decriminalising other acts. Poverty is perhaps less problematic to define, since it is usually considered with respect to ideas of subsistence and meeting the requirements of physical well-being (Gardiner & Wenborne 1995, 613). Even so, it should be considered as relative to changing expectations and living standards. Social protest may take many forms, such as riots, and can be defined as a social crime (Sharpe 1999, 179). The notion of social crime, developed by Hobsbawm, rests on the differing understandings of crime that may exist between groups and the official position (Sharpe 1999, 176). Social crimes are defined as those that can be said to represent ‘a conscious, almost a political, challenge to the prevailing social and political order and its values' (Sharpe 1999, 176). Thompson has argued for a moral economy which legitimates social crime by placing it in the context of defending traditional customs or rights, where they may differ from the values of those who make the law (Thompson 1991). According to statistical evidence, crime seems to have been at a low at the beginning of the eighteenth century, increasing, at least around London and Surrey, with the increasing population and urbanisation, by 1780 (Sharpe 1995, 6). Short-term bursts of crime seem to have been affected by crop failures and by the demobilisation of the larger armed forces utilised by imperial Britain, especially after 1815. The steepest increase in crime appears to have been in the 1840s (Emsley 1996, 295). The most common kinds of crime in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries appear to have been small opportunistic thefts (Emsley 1996, 293). Crime statistics, however, may give an imprecise impression of crime since many crimes may, for various reasons, never be officially reported. One category where crime, poverty and social protest definitively meet is in the Swing Riots of 1830. England at the beginning of the eighteenth century was a largely agricultural nation with the majority of the population living in rural areas. During the course of that century there were profound changes. The rising population, especially from the mid-eighteenth century, created a surplus of agricultural labourers for whom there was no corresponding rise in rural employment, while migration from rural areas, in terms of the natural increase in population, declined from 100% in 1751 to only 29% in 1831 (Hobsbawm and Rude 1969, 43). Agriculture had, by this time, come to be dominated by a division into landlords, tenant-farmers and hired labourers (Hobsbawm and Rude 1969, 27). Increasing economic rationalisation of agriculture by landlords and tenant-farmers saw further consequent declines in the conditions of the agricultural labourers who, divorced from the land, became reliant on less regular and less well paid employment with worsening conditions. Their situation was exacerbated by the Poor Law which supplemented and thus kept down wages (Hobsbawm and Rude 1969, 45-53). It is argued that this degradation of the agricultural labouring class led to the Swing Riots, which began in 1830, as a reaction to bad harvests in 1829 (Gardiner and Wenborne 1995, 729-30). This social protest was directed mainly at threshing machines, but also included burnings devices designed to further decrease the need of labour on farms. Swing letters included demands for increased wages and Hobsbawm and Rude (1969, 220) concluded that the movement was essentially one of labourers ‘with essentially economic ends'. Machine breaking had taken place in other contexts, notably in the burgeoning industrial sector. Perhaps the most famous of these was the Luddite movement that preceded the Swing Riots. Luddism, like Swing, seems to have been a reaction to poor harvests, increasing food prices, unemployment and wage cuts as well as changing industrial relations (Archer 2000, 49). Opinion on Luddism in its three main areas of northern England differs in terms of the extent to which scholars have identified political motivations as opposed to industrial protest. Like Swing, Luddism focused on anti-machine action in the context of the removal from traditional artisans of their means of livelihood and style of living. Thompson (1991, 352-403) has stressed the effects of changing working patterns with regard to timekeeping and the changes in the synchronisation of labour in an industrial society from the more irregular rhythms that went before. Machine breaking may have been criminal as defined by the law and may have been further encouraged by economic difficulties, nevertheless, it seems indisputable that instances of machine breaking and the wider movements that can be identified fall within the category of social protest and were to some extent linked with poverty or the threat of poverty. Horn (2005) mentions the riots of the Spitalfields silk weavers in 1675, 1719, 1736 and the 1760s, as well as many other instances of machine breaking amongst sawyers and most particularly weavers. This emphasises the tradition of machine breaking, which could be seen as a ‘customary' for of industrial relations stretching back a century (Horn 2005). Certainly in the case of the agricultural labourer in the Swing Riots, wages were a motivating factor (Hobsbawn and Rude 1969 195-96). Between 1780 and the 1830s, wages in East Anglia had gone from being some of the highest to the lowest, since there was a lack of alternatives to agriculture unlike in the northern and industrial regions (Archer 2000, 9). This coupled with rising prices caused massive pauperisation while the Poor Law and local systems of relief could be and were manipulated by farmers to further push down wages in the knowledge that other rate-payers would have to subsidise the poor of the parish (Archer 2000, 10). The shock to the wealthier classes caused by the riots that inevitably broke out was evidently exacerbated by the deferential behaviour traditionally shown to them by the poor, who presumably realised its importance in gaining relief. A lack of humane response on their part, in Archer's words ‘misread deferential behaviour for deferential attitudes' (Archer 2000, 10). The government reaction to riots may reveal something of the elite perception of how valid they were. In their combined actions, the Luddites and Swing had caused only two deaths while at the same time the damage to property was considerable (Horn 2005). Initial waves of Luddism in 1811-12 caused perhaps i100,000 worth of damage to looms and factories. It is this perhaps that explains to some extent the decision of the government to field more troops to crack down on Luddism, some 12,000, in 1812, than were fielded in the Peninsular Campaign against Napoleon in 1808. Frame-breaking became a capital crime and between 1812-17, 36 Luddites were hanged followed later by 19 Swing Rioters. Protest crime formed only a small percentage of prosecution, peaking at 8. % in 1831 and of the number that took part in the riots only a small part ended up in court (Archer 2000, 87). Furthermore, many death sentences were commuted to transportation and many rioters were released without charge. It has also been noted that in comparison to food rioters, protesting the price of grain caused by bad harvests and war, suffered hanging less often (Archer 2000, 28-30, 87). Many have noted the increase in legal concern for property in the eighteenth century e mbodied by the ‘Bloody code' (Sharpe 1995, 8). Between 1660 and 1819, there were 187 capital statutes enacted into the law, mostly concerning property (Hughes 1988, 29). Many of the new Acts explicitly embodied a repressive state and criminalized the poorest labouring classes and were passed in reaction to riots or social unrest (Linebaugh 1991, 16). Notable in this context is the notorious Waltham Black Act, passed in reaction to agrarian riots and unrest in Hampshire, which created over 200 capital offences. Rioters had poached game and fish as well as burning hayricks and threatening landlords (Hughes 1988, 29). The Riot Act of 1715 was designed to combat and disperse meetings and assemblies of 12 or more persons, a seeming precursor of the late twentieth century laws ostensibly to disperse illegal raves. It was a popular tool against collective action by the labouring classes (Linebaugh 1991, 17). Those classes, in particular some 15,000 journeymen tailors, were struck at again by the Combination Act of 1721. This law made it illegal for them to take collective action in order to press for better wages or shorter working hours. This they had done through strike and had suffered imprisonment in return. In principle the Combination Act criminalized the notion of improving working and living conditions and class action and can be noted as the first anti-trade union law (Linebaugh 1991, 17). Despite the rise in capital offences in law, the actual number of hangings declined throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Hughes 1988, 35). There are various reasons for this, such as squeamishness on the part of the judges and the exercise of mercy, especially the Royal Prerogative, although most appeals seem to have been rejected (Gatrell 1994, 200-208). Transportation and imprisonment were increasingly used, the former system supplying labour and, following the American revolution and the use of hulks as prisons, transportation to Australia became a viable option for permanently ridding Britain of its criminals (Hughes 1988, 41-42). This last point is highly relevant in the context of Linebaugh's argument that the poor and the criminal were difficult to distinguish (1991, xxi). Changes in the law undoubtedly led to rising crime, since as has been noted, more offences were created. Some historians, such as Thompson and Linebaugh have seen this as a conflict between custom and law. For example, many workers believed themselves to be customarily entitled to perquisites or allowances related to their employment. In the agricultural sector, the best known of these was gleaning – following the gathering of the harvest, women and children would collect the leftover scattered grain that had been missed (Emsley 1996, 122). This practice supplemented and could even form a major proportion of an agricultural labouring families' diet. Although gleaning was seen as a custom and denial of the right to glean could meet with criticism, it was observed by Arthur Young in 1771 that it was not ‘an imprescribable right' (Emsley 1996, 123). Abuses of gleaning that went to court met with the response that gleaning was not recognised as a legal right, however the farmer's conscience may allow him to permit gleaning. On the other hand, some farmers sought to have gleaning stopped but the case was refused by magistrates (Emsley 1996, 124). Thus gleaning occupied an ambiguous status, the law refused to outlaw it, despite the wishes of certain farmers while refusing to recognise it as a legal right of the labourers. Thompson notes that these customs were quite normally disputed (Thompson 1991, 104). Customs such as gleaning are mirrored in industrial and other work settings. Silk workers and weavers were particularly low earners and owing to the techniques of production, wasteful in resources, which could be appropriated for further use (Linebaugh 1991, 258, 264). A market grew up for cloth waste, which had many uses in producing other items and by the mid-1770s Spitalfields was a major centre of this trade. The law attempted to suppress the trade, but unsuccessfully. However, silk workers, and of them weavers in particular, formed a group whom the law was prone to threatening with hanging (Linebaugh 1991, 258). The production of a ‘Book of Prices' by the Spitalfields weavers and the corporate action by 2000 of them to enforce it in 1763 was a precursor to a 1764 protest march by the weavers petitioning for higher wages and against cheap imports, which saw the state drawing on the military. Poor harvests in the following year upped grain prices and filled workhouses while the silk workforce decreased by 1768 to half its level of six years earlier (Linebaugh 1991, 271). Corporate and direct actions such as those of the silk workers, who were joined by other groups, the Luddites and the Swing Rioters helped to formulate a culture of fear in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As mentioned above, the American war of independence and the French revolution were other causes of fear amongst the ruling classes of those beneath them. Hughes (1988, 25) states that ‘the belief in a swelling wave of crime was one of the great social facts of Georgian England'. It is not difficult to comprehend that for those observing from above, riots, protests and crime committed by the poor were part and parcel of the nature of that class of people and that the reaction would be to staunch such behaviour through the law and the militia. These fears were fed by other factors such as the rise of newspapers publishing reports of crime statistics and vivid stories that reinforced elite views of the poor in society and in turn led to the reification of entrenched moral views that were transposed into laws that tended to further criminalise the poor. Crime, poverty and social protest in the eighteenth and nineteenth century can be seen as linked in the context of the increasing proletarianisation of the workforce and conflict between the wage earning poor and the law making elite. Linebaugh (1991, xxi) observes this as the ‘expropriation of the poor from the means of producing†¦ and the appropriation by the poor of the means of living. Emsley (1996, 295) observes that it seems significant that property crime increased during economic slumps. However, he goes on to suggest that a monocausal link between poverty and crime is too simplistic. He cites other reasons for increasing crime, for example, the growth in wealth and material goods allowed more opportunities for crime and increased temptation and the extension of commerce and business also increased the opportunities for corruption (Emsley 1996, 295). Certainly, not all social unrest can be seen in terms of poverty or the defence of custom. It seems that the strong tradition of this kind of action speaks of attempts to control the means of livelihood as opposed to warding off poverty. However, the reality and threat of widespread poverty in particular areas and spheres of employment must be seen as a strong motivating force in any action. As for crime, it cannot be doubted that much crime was necessitated by poverty. Equally to account this as the only factor would be facile, since it ignores the personal and individual aspects of each crime. It is tempting though to see an increasing concern for goods and materials throughout this period of increasing production and the defence of property in law would seem to follow from that. Hughes comments that the rule of law became the supreme ideology in this period (1988, 29). Increasing economic rationalisation and market capitalism placed workers livelihoods and working traditions in jeopardy and this, coupled with price fluctuations and an increasing population undoubtedly increased crimes of necessity, although it should not be forgotten that while real crime may have increased, the means of measuring crime became more accurate and more actions became criminal. The concern with property perhaps inevitably led to doubts over the legality of customary appropriation, such as gleaning. But while such ‘rights' may have been disputed over centuries, the changing economic and social factors and the rise of the law and legalism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries inevitably led to them taking on a different significance that would have long lasting repercussions in the social relations and perceptions of people in Britain.

Linking words

To vary the language there are alternatives like besides (dessuten/dessutan) and in addition (i tillegg): She is a good car mechanic. Besides, she is a very nice person. but: It was pouring down, but we managed to finish our work. However is a good alternative for but: His friend, however, didn't like it at all. We can also use expressions like yet, still, nevertheless (likevel) to vary our language: It was pouring down, still/nevertheless we managed to finish our work. or: Would you like to do it now or would you rather wait?The following expressions are often used: ither – or (enten – eller / anten – eller), whether – or (enten – eller / anten – eller), neither – nor (verken – eller): He must either walk or use his bike. Whether you walk or use your bike is the same to me. so: It was a long way to go, so we had to start off quite early. Therefore and consequently are words that could be used as alternatives. There are conjunct ions which introduce subordinate clauses (leddsetninger/leddsetningar).Here are some of the most common ones: Time clauses: when, while (mens), after, before, until/till, since, as soon as, as long as: While e were having breakfast, the sun broke through. Concessive clauses (innr?mmelse/ vedg?ing): though/although/even though/even if (selv om / sJ?lv 0m), whatever (hva – enn / kva – enn), no matter who/what/when/how (uansett hvem, hva, n?r, hvordan / uansett kven, kva, n?r, korleis): We tried once more, even though we knew it wouldn't work. Whatever you do, please dont leave me here!Comparative clauses (sammenlignende/samanliknande): than (enn), as – as: He did much better than me, even though I did as well as I could. Conditional clauses (betingelse/vilk?r): if, unless (med mindre), provided (that) (forutsatt at / f?resett at), as long as: I'll go if you go! This won't work unless you get more help. Causal clauses (?rsak): because, since, as: He wouldn't listen to me, because he was so angry. Since/As he was so angry, he wouldn't listen to me. Using Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns (who, which, that) are used to combine sentences: I have two good friends.They will come to me tomorrow. – I have two good friends, who will come to me tomorrow. Jogging is a nice sport. Everybody can do this sport. – Jogging is a nice sport, which everybody can do. Combining sentences with relative pronouns is more common in written English than in spoken English. Using Ing-torms The ing-form of the verb can be used to make the language more varied and often better. Look at the two sentences She was walking through the main street and She met two good friends.They can be combined by using a conjunction: While she was walking through the main street, she met two good friends. But you can also use an ng-form and shorten the sentence: Walking through the main street, she met two good friends. NB! When you use an ing-form like this, the subject of the two parts must be the same. Another example: Standing in front of me, she could see the stage much better. An ing-form can be used to replace a defining (n?dvendig) relative clause: Did you talk to the person who passed you? – Did you talk to the person passing you?Using Infinitive Constructions Infinitive constructions can be used to make sentences â€Å"flow† better. Look at the ollowing examples where that, when, where, how, what sentences are replaced by infinitive constructions: I was glad that I could leave – I was glad to leave. She was sorry when she heard about the accident – She was sorry to hear about the accident. We found out where we could leave our luggage – We found out where to leave our luggage. He knew how he would get to the place – He knew how to get to the place. Do you understand what you have to do? Do you understand what to do? NB! The subject in the main clause and the subordinate clause must be the same. Look at the following sentence: My father told me what I should do. In sentences where the indirect object (me) is the same as the subject of the subordinate clause (l), we can use an infinitive construction to improve our language: My father told me what to do. Using Special Expressions There are lots of words and expressions which can be used to bind sentences together and which can help us continue a special line of thought.Here are some which you may find useful: to begin with/flrst of all – for det f?rste in the first place secondly, thirdly for det andre, for det tredJe finally – til slutt to sum up – for ? runde av besides – dessuten/dessutan turtnermore – videre/vidare in addition – i tillegg on the contrary – tvert i mot on the one hand – p? den ene siden / p? den eine sida on the other hand – p? den andre siden / p? den andre sida because of this – p? grunn av dette consequently – derfor for this reaso n – av denne grunn above all – framfor alt first and foremost – f?rst og fremst in spite of, despite – til tross for / trass i yet, still, nevertheless – likevel

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Kingdom Business - Personal Statement Example However, the pressure to make profits and to prosper makes it challenging to keep from losing faith and one can only pray for courage and strength to stay true to one's beliefs (Eldred, 2005). However, this ability has far reaching effects. According to Baitu (2006), the challenge of today's landscape should not just focus on the bottom line. Business also have a social responsibility to help alleviate the ills of society and to create opportunities. And this is not just because of altruism. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2005) says for example that companies should be part of development so that their potentials too can be nourished. Otherwise, markets will not develop and expand leaving companies themselves without a future to look forward to. According to Heinz Suter, building Kingdom Companies does not only require spiritual commitment but also a realization of the social and moral challenges in the context on one's society (Chan et al, 2003, p. 181-194). Ben Cohen who is the cofounder and former CEO of Ben and Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream knows that people will easily doubt their statement of commitment regarding the company's commitment to spirituality. He says that these doubts don't matter as much as that the company continues to show that "there's a spiritual life to businesses as there is in the lives of individuals" (as cited in Saylor, 2005). Hick (2005) says that this is in part because of the continuing religious conflicts world wide that is being echoed by each society. There has been great effort to be able to relieve these situations but Rick Marshall (2005) believes that these efforts can only be truly successful if society itself makes an effort to change. It is daily struggle to remind not ourselves by all things we do and say that it is possible to live religiously and allow other the same opportunity but it is one of the most urgent ac critical challenges we have to accomplish (Eldred, 2005). Building a Kingdom Business Richard Goosen, a professor of finance and entrepreneurship at Trinity Western University says that "money is the oxygen of a business, it's not the purpose" (Saylor, 2005). This implies that no matter how healthy the bottom line is, that is not a indication that owners or employees feel fulfilled or enriched by their work. Often we think disdainfully when we here of industry and business leaders suddenly establishing charities or even giving up their business to pursue enlighten. We feel that that it is a clich' among those experiencing midlife crises. However Eldred (2005) encourages to think about it in another way: these individuals, the brightest and greatest minds of our times just may have realized something at the point in their lives when they could already say that they have everything. They may have realized that there should be more than what they had, that the pursuit of success goes beyond the boardroom and the bottom line. The marketplace seems like such a hostile pla ce to espouse religion. Yet, if one reflects on the history on faith, it is when ministries forge in these environments are the greatest testament of missions. The third chapter of the Eldred's book God is at Work tells us that businesses must be an extension of our church life. One should in a way consider it

Practical Word Assignment - The Differences between the Traditional Essay

Practical Word Assignment - The Differences between the Traditional Web and Web 2.0 - Essay Example Web 2.0 differs with the traditional web in a number of ways. Many web applications now come under the heading of Web 2.0, these include. Flickr, Google adsense, Wikipedia, blogging, Bit torrent, Napster and search engine optimization. (Web 2.0) One of the most important features of the Web 2.0 which differentiates it from the traditional web is the ‘Ajax’ which actually means the shaping of the new web-based applications to work in friendlier and easier desktop-based applications. These applications form a major part of this web and a new wave of such applications have entered the internet market. Companies like Microsoft are now focused on developing such internet applications but it was Google which made a head start, beginning with its popular Google maps. From then, a number of web applications have been created including Google earth. The next distinguishing feature of the Web 2.0 is the way of sharing and collaborating information. Web 2.0 proposes democracy in which anyone can say or post whatever he wills. This has been done in practice by the introduction of blogging sites like blogspot.com and social networking sites like facebook. Traditional web did not provide a platform to promote voice of the people but with the concept of Web 2.0, people can actually write and post their views with adequate ease. Another part is the easy access to information and Wikipedia is the living example of it. Users are able to access huge encyclopedias of information without making payments, registering themselves or subscribing to newsletters. (OReilly, 2005) Another important feature of the Web 2.0 is fair treatment of the users. In the traditional web, the sites were really strict in their handling of the users, subjecting them to frequent registrations and quite unnecessary ads. Many of the famous sites based on the traditional web system are loaded with conspicuous and obtrusive

Observation and Reflective Feedback Worksheet Case Study

Observation and Reflective Feedback Worksheet - Case Study Example I frequently used paraphrasing by asking and repeating back when Ben told me there was Domestic violence in the relationship. I used open-ended questions when I asked about Jed Ben's son. I also used the appropriate facial expressions when Ben confided in me about various subjects. I asked Ben about the good times with Ellen and he told me how the good times were good and how they were happy and good friends, and how they used to go to the in-laws' but now he doesn't like them. Ben agreed that both he and Ellen needed to change to get their lives back on track. I recognised when Ben was using different emotions, and, during our discussion, he had a soft spot. I said to Bent that "you seem to have a soft spot for your son Jed." Ben agreed he did and that he loved his son. I also noticed Ben was very harsh towards Ellen at times. Ben did agree that he had good demeanour about, or a had a soft spot for, certain issues. I did notice and reflect this to the client that he had a change in his emotion. I did notice the way I would normally structure a session with a client at work. I couldn't apply it in the mock counseling situation. It didn't feel real and I was struggling to make a made-up scenario real. I understand the basic fundamentals but I find it easier in real life situations rather than mock situations. I feel I was relating well with the client and we were communicating well after the emotional wall he put up initially. Slowly I chipped away at it and he did open up eventually. I was able to talk freely with his values about Domestic Violence. However, the fact that he couldn't see how it was a problem for Jed and how it affected him, was difficult to explain to Ben so that he...I frequently used paraphrasing by asking and repeating back when Ben told me there was Domestic violence in the relationship. I used open-ended questions when I asked about Jed Ben's son. I also used the appropriate facial expressions when Ben confided in me about various subjects. I asked Ben about the good times with Ellen and he told me how the good times were good and how they were happy and good friends, and how they used to go to the in-laws' but now he doesn't like them. I recognised when Ben was using different emotions, and, during our discussion, he had a soft spot. I said to Bent that "you seem to have a soft spot for your son Jed." Ben agreed he did and that he loved his son. I also noticed Ben was very harsh towards Ellen at times. I was able to talk freely with his values about Domestic Violence. However, the fact that he couldn't see how it was a problem for Jed and how it affected him, was difficult to explain to Ben so that he understood. It wasn't until I mentioned that Jed could be removed from his care if he didn't stop the Domestic Violence that Ben understood the implications of his actions. I feel being blunt is a useful tool with involuntary clients.

Mirror Neurons Essay Example for Free

Mirror Neurons Essay The sight of a strangers foot getting hammered induces an instant surge of sympathy within us. Watching a friend nauseate after eating something repulsive quickly causes our own stomachs to turn. This ability to understand and relate to another individuals internal state has provided great motivation for research. One source of explanation arose from research on mirror neurons-which fire both during execution and observation of a behaviour (Rizzollati Arbib, 1998). This particular class of neurons plays a crucial function in human social interactions. The importance of the mirror neuron system (MNS) for communication can be understood through its influence on nonverbal communication including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Furthermore, disorders affecting human communication-such as autism and schizophrenia-convey the impression of stemming from a malfunctioning MNS. Generally, human social interaction involves both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Obvious examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions and hand gestures. A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study by Montgomery and Haxby (2008) found evidence supporting the claim that the MNS contains distinct representations for facial expressions and hand gestures. Particularly, this study examined the inferior parietal lobule and the frontal operculum as the potential MNS brain regions involved in nonverbal communication. Further evidence comes from another fMRI study by Montgomery, Isenberg and Haxby (2007)-which demonstrated the activation of the MNS during hand movements used to manipulate objects and hand gestures used to communicate. A third fMRI study by Van, Minderaa and Keysers (2007) highlighted similar results by examining other putative MNS brain regions-inferior frontal gyrus, posterior parietal cortex, insula and amygdala-thought to be associated with facial expressions. Activity spontaneously increased in the MNS of participants that produced and observed certain facial expressions (Van et al., 2007). A study by Enticott, Johnston, Herring, Hoy, and Fitzgerald (2008) demonstrated an associations between mirror neurons and facial emotion processing. Instead of using fMRI as a method of analysis, Enticott and colleagues (2008) used the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique. In brief, much evidence supporting the involvement of the MNS in the processes of facial expression and hand gesture exists. Such forms of communication form the basis for the later, more complex, verbal language development. Taking this thought further, verbal language also seems to be linked to the MNS. Firstly, Rizzollati et al. (1998) marked the discovery of mirror neurons in the F5 area within the monkeys’ frontal cortex. This primate-specific F5 area has been considered to be the homolog of the human Broca’s area, which is a region crucial for language (Rizzollati et al., 1998). With this in mind, Horwitz et al. (2003) demonstrated that both spoken and signed language are associated with mirror neurons firing in Broca’s area as a result of the production of language. In addition, an fMRI study by Aziz-Zadeh, Wilson, Rizzollati, and Lacoboni (2006) made evident that the MNS of the premotor cortex is activated both when participants observed mouth, hand and foot movements and when participants read phrases related to these body parts. Overall, these findings suggest that indeed the MNS influences verbal language. Moreover, another way of understanding the importance of the mirror neurons’ influence on human social interaction is by considering the consequences of a malfunctioning system. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social and language impairments. In other words, individuals with autism tend to be less interactive when it comes to communicating with others. Part of the MNS-the posterior inferior frontal and rostral inferior parietal areas are affiliated with social behaviour and imitative learning; however these areas have deficits in autistic individuals (Locoboni Mazziotta, 2007). In one study individuals with autism spectrum disorder showed significantly different electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of mirror neurons compared to a control group consisting of healthy individuals (Oberman, Hubbard, McCleery, Altschular, Ramachandran, Pineda, 2005). Similarly, schizophrenia is another disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, especially of the nonverbal type. Research by Kato Y., Muramatsu, Kato M., Shibukawa, Shintani, and Mimura (2011) using magnetoencephalography recordings on the right inferior parietal cortex showed atypical mirror neuron activity in non-treated schizophrenia patients. Likewise, similar results were found in a study that tested mirror neuron activity using TMS,; it was demonstrated that during action observation a reduction in motor facilitation occurs in schizophrenia patients (Enticott, Hoy, Herring, Johnston, Daskalakis, Fitgerald, 2008). Clearly, communication impairments observed in individuals with autism and schizophrenia are influenced by the MNS. In conclusion, human social interaction is influenced by mirror neurons. Evidence supports this statement through research done on the involvement of the MNS in nonverbal communication, including facial expressions and hand gestures and verbal language. Research has also suggested that an impaired MNS negatively affects social interaction, which is exemplified in the cases of autism and schizophrenia. Taken as a whole, combining mirror neurons’ role in imitative behaviour and social interaction-the process through which humans possibly acquire new social knowledge becomes evident. Additionally, the presence of mirror neurons in primates as well as humans provide evidence for the development of social interaction over the course of evolution. Thus, in order to further strengthen their existing relationship, future research should examine the co-evolution of mirror neurons and social interaction.

Components and Functions of the Synapse

Components and Functions of the Synapse B. The connection between two neurons is called a synapse, a term derived from the Latin word that means â€Å"to grasp.† The synapse consists of many components that are essential to the flow of information from one neuron to another. Through an outline of these components, we can begin to understand how processes such as synaptic transmission are possible. In regards to our understanding of the synapse, it is important to note the accomplishments of Charles Scott Sherrington and his initial work that first outlined the basic properties of the synapse. One of the properties, reflexes, or automatic muscular responses to stimuli was demonstrated by pinching a dogs leg in his experiments. Sherrington demonstrated that a short delay occurs before the dog flexes the pinched leg and extends the others. This finding is important because he discovered that transmission through the reflex arc is slower than transmission through an equivalent length of axon. This led him to conclude that the delay must occur where one neuron communicates with another, a concept he introduced as a synapse. Sherringtons work outlines other basic properties of the synapse such as temporal and spatial summation. Temporal summation is a concept where a single stimulus (a single pinch) is too weak to reach threshold to produce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. When stimuli occur in succession (i.e., pinching the dogs foot several times), however, the combined effect can be enough to produce an action potential, thereby causing a reflex. With spatial summation, several stimuli occurring at different points on the body combine their effects on a neuron. By pinching multiple places on a dogs body, for example, the combined effect can be enough to produce a reflex. Sherrington work also infers the property of inhibitory synapses. This is a concept where after a reflex (action potential) occurs, hyperpolarization causes the cell to become more negative, therefore making it difficult for another action potential to immediately occur. As technology has improved, so has our understanding of the mechanisms of the synapse. Before we can understand the components and functioning of the synapse, however, it is important to first consider neurons. Neurons have the responsibility of producing all of our movements, thoughts, memories, and emotions. There are four major types of neurons: motor neurons, sensory, interneurons, and projection neurons. Each of these neurons shares a common structure and function. For example, the soma, or cell body, contains the cells nucleus, most of the cytoplasm, and structures that convert nutrients into energy and eliminate waste materials for each of these neurons. This quality is not unique, however, as this is also a component of any cell in the body. The quality that separates neurons from other cells are dendrites, extensions that branch out from the soma to receive information from other neurons, and axons, which extend like a tail from the cell body and carries information to other locations. Branches at the end of the axon culminate in swellings called bulbs or terminals. The terminals contain chemical neurotransmitters, which the neuron releases to communicate with a muscle or an organ or the next neuron in the chain. As introduced earlier, the connection between two neurons is called a synapse, a site where most communication among neurons occurs. To clarify the function and purpose of the synapse, it is important to understand the sequence of major chemical events that occur at the synapse. At the site of the cell body, neurons synthesize chemicals that serve as neurotransmitters, specifically peptide neurotransmitters. The neuron then transports the peptide neurotransmitters to the axon terminals. Action potentials then travel down the axon where at the presynaptic terminal, the action potential enables calcium to enter the cell. The calcium then releases neurotransmitters from the terminals and into the synaptic cleft (the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons). Next, the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, diffusing across the cleft and altering the activity of the postsynaptic neuron. This alteration also causes the neurotransmitter molecules to separate from their recep tors. Finally, reuptake of the neurotransmitter occurs, recycling neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron. All of these events lead a successful transmission at the point of the synapse. There are different types of synapses used in the flow of information from neuron to neuron. Axodendritic synapses, synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites, terminate on dendritic spines, small synaptic buds that cover the surfaces of many dendrites. Also common are axosomatic synapses, synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas. Although axodendritic and axosomatic synapses are the most common synaptic arrangements, there are several others. For example, there are dendrodendritic synapses, which are capable of transmission in either direction; and there are axoaxonal synapses, which can mediate presynaptic inhibition. Also, there are directed synapses, synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity. This is a common arrangement, but, there are also many nondirected synapses in the nervous system. Nondirected synapses are synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of receptio n. In this type of arrangement, neurotransmitter molecules are released from a series of varicosities along the axon and its branches and thus are widely dispersed to surrounding targets. Because of their appearance, these synapses are often referred to as string-of-beads synapses. In conclusion, with the initial contributions of Sherrington and with what is known about neurotransmission today, we have been able to outline the basic components and functions of the synapse. The synapse, in turn, is an essential component for the transmission of neurons, which enables the human body to respond to events in the environment. By acting as a â€Å"bridge† between the neurons, the synapse is helping to control human movements, thoughts, memories, and emotions. The synapse is truly a necessary component in the human body.

Investigate how the change in concentration affects the rate of :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigate how the change in concentration affects the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid Introduction I am trying to find out how the change in concentration affects the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. I predict that the higher the concentration of sodium of thiosulphate, the quicker the rate of reaction will be between the two substances. The scientific reason for my prediction is due to the collision theory. The collision theory is, that in order for chemicals to react they must come into contact with each other (collide). However, not all collisions result in chemical reactions as sometimes the particles just bounce off each other. The particles must have sufficient energy when they collide to react. If you increase the number of collisions, you increase the rate of reaction. Therefore, a higher concentration means a greater number of collisions. Diagram Preliminary Testing This is the word equation for the reaction between the two substances: Sodium + Hydrochloric Sodium + Sulphur + Sulphur + Water Thiosulphate Acid Chloride Dioxide Na2S2O3 + HCl NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O ( aq ) + ( aq ) ( aq ) + ( g ) + ( s ) + ( l ) Before I start the investigation, by having preliminary tests I can find a volume of each solution that I can use where I am able to complete the investigation in a reasonable period of time. When I am undergoing my experiment I will be making one variable. By changing the concentration of sodium thiosulphate, this is done by adding water to the solution. As I change the amount of water I put into the solution the concentration of it is changing. The more water that is put into the solution the weaker the concentration will become. To get my preliminary results I set up the experiment as above in the diagram section, and you use different amounts of the solutions. Use a burette to measure the amounts of the solutions needed, and put them into separate beakers. Using a funnel at the top of the burette to pout the solution into. After firstly using a measuring cylinder to measure the solution. Use a stopwatch to time how long it takes for the cross underneath the conical flask to disappear, as the solutions are mixed together. As the reaction turns the two colourless liquids, into a milky colour afterwards. Repeat the procedure with different amounts of the solutions, working out the best amounts that I could use for experiment. These are the results that I received: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Amount of H2O Amount of sodium Amount of hydrochloric Time Taken

A Comparison of Women in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen Gods

Strong Women in The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife  Ã‚        Ã‚   One of the common themes in both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife is strong women. All the women in both generations in each book gain strength through different experiences. These experiences range from a war-ravaged China to the modern day stresses of womanhood. Though different experiences have shaped each woman, they are all tied together by the common thread of strength.    The Joy Luck Club portrays strong women. The examples that come across most strikingly to the reader are the women who lived in traditional China. An-Mei Hsu gained her strong will from her mother's weak spirit. In her story, titled "Magpies," An-Mei's mother is forced into the life of a concubine. Her mother is tricked by Wu Tsing, a rich merchant, and is brutally raped. Second Wife's trickery lures An-Mei's mother into a life in which she is forced to bear a son that she cannot claim as her own. As a last resort, An-Mei's mother commits suicide two days before the Chinese New Year, in order to ensure that her daughter can someday rise above the position of a concubine's daughter. An-Mei's mother, as the poison travels through her body, whispers, "I would rather kill my own weak spirit so I can give you a stronger one."    Another example of a strong female character is seen in Suyuan Woo. During her escape from China, she is forced to abandon her twin daughters on the roadside. She leaves her daughters with the hope of someday returning to them. As the women of the Joy Luck Club tell June, "She walked down the road, stumbling and crying, thinking only of this one last hope, that her daughters would be found by a kindhearted person who would care for ... ... At this moment, Winnie's life takes a turn for the better, for she now knows that she can endure anything that life has to offer.    According to critic Susan Dooley, "Amy Tan's brilliant novels flit in and out of many realities but all of them contain mothers and daughters....Each story is a fascinating vignette, and together they weave the reader through a world where the Moon Lady can grant any wish, where a child, promised in marriage at two and delivered at twelve, can, with cunning, free herself; where a rich man's concubine secures her daughter's future by killing herself and where a woman can live on, knowing she has lost her entire life."    Works Cited and Consulted: Tan, Amy. The Kitchen God's Wife. New York, Ballantine Books, 1991. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. A Comparison of Women in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen God's Strong Women in The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife  Ã‚        Ã‚   One of the common themes in both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife is strong women. All the women in both generations in each book gain strength through different experiences. These experiences range from a war-ravaged China to the modern day stresses of womanhood. Though different experiences have shaped each woman, they are all tied together by the common thread of strength.    The Joy Luck Club portrays strong women. The examples that come across most strikingly to the reader are the women who lived in traditional China. An-Mei Hsu gained her strong will from her mother's weak spirit. In her story, titled "Magpies," An-Mei's mother is forced into the life of a concubine. Her mother is tricked by Wu Tsing, a rich merchant, and is brutally raped. Second Wife's trickery lures An-Mei's mother into a life in which she is forced to bear a son that she cannot claim as her own. As a last resort, An-Mei's mother commits suicide two days before the Chinese New Year, in order to ensure that her daughter can someday rise above the position of a concubine's daughter. An-Mei's mother, as the poison travels through her body, whispers, "I would rather kill my own weak spirit so I can give you a stronger one."    Another example of a strong female character is seen in Suyuan Woo. During her escape from China, she is forced to abandon her twin daughters on the roadside. She leaves her daughters with the hope of someday returning to them. As the women of the Joy Luck Club tell June, "She walked down the road, stumbling and crying, thinking only of this one last hope, that her daughters would be found by a kindhearted person who would care for ... ... At this moment, Winnie's life takes a turn for the better, for she now knows that she can endure anything that life has to offer.    According to critic Susan Dooley, "Amy Tan's brilliant novels flit in and out of many realities but all of them contain mothers and daughters....Each story is a fascinating vignette, and together they weave the reader through a world where the Moon Lady can grant any wish, where a child, promised in marriage at two and delivered at twelve, can, with cunning, free herself; where a rich man's concubine secures her daughter's future by killing herself and where a woman can live on, knowing she has lost her entire life."    Works Cited and Consulted: Tan, Amy. The Kitchen God's Wife. New York, Ballantine Books, 1991. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993.

John Locke: Human Understanding Essay -- philosophy, knowledge

When considering knowledge, Locke is interested in the ability for us to know something, the capacity of gathering and using information and understanding the limits of what we know. He believes this also leads him to realise what we perhaps, cannot know. [1] He wants to find out about the origin of our ideas. His main stand-point is that we don’t have innate ideas and he aims to get rid of the sceptical doubt about what we know. The innate ideas which Locke sets out to argue against are those which â€Å"the soul receives in its very first being, and brings into the world with it†. [2] â€Å"Let us suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters†. [3] This quote depicts the idea of the â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, that at birth are minds are completely empty like that of a blank slate and it is our experiences which draw on the blank slate, in order to form thoughts and ideas. He has two types of argument against innate ideas; direct and indirect. The indirect argument can be seen as the more positive of the two, and the idea of it is that we are able to explain all knowledge we have without innate ideas but from other sources. The direct argument is the more negative view, and focuses on the problem of universal assent which Locke believes to be an insufficient idea and also necessary and absent. He expands from this by saying that modified universal assent is too inclusive and depends on the order of discovery. So really he is saying that the argument for innate principles doesn’t work, especially with regard to universal assent. He believes that if universal assent existed, it could be explained in other ways and therefore is not innate. However, Locke doesn’t believe that universal assented principles can exist at all and thi... ...t innate epistemic principles – revised December 1996 3. Reading: Ariew & Watkins 270-290 (Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book I Chapters I and II, Book II Chapters I - VIII) 4. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section3.rhtml 5. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section4.rhtml 6. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section4.rhtml 7. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section3.rhtml 8. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section6.rhtml 9. Reading: Ariew & Watkins 270-290 (Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book I Chapters I and II, Book II Chapters I - VIII) 10. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/quotes.html 11. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section1.rhtml 12. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/terms.html

Legal Environment of Business DB

Jurisdiction is defined as â€Å"the inherent authority of a court to hear and declare a judgment† (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). An aggrieved party must first determine where to file his case or complaint. In the determination thereof, he must ascertain which court has jurisdiction to take cognizance of his case. An erroneous determination can result in an opportunity for the defendant to challenge this and have the complaint dismissed (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). There are different kinds and classifications of ‘jurisdiction.’ For purposes of this discussion, the pertinent jurisdiction that will be discussed shall be personal jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction is the authority of the court over the person of the defendant (in personam) or in the property (in rem) subject of litigation (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Traditionally, personal jurisdiction is limited to the geographical or territorial area where the defendant or the person sued is present. Through the years, territoriality of personal jurisdiction has enlarged and expanded (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Limiting personal jurisdiction merely on the basis of territory resulted in problems more pronounced in business transactions and dealings across territories. Judicial interpretation and legislative enactments enlarged personal jurisdiction through â€Å"long-arm statutes† which most states have (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). These statutes allowed a state court to acquire jurisdiction over a defendant even if he is in another state in certain cases such as when the issue involves business transactions; when it involves tort; or when issue involves real property located within such state (West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). With the development of internet, it has slowly become an interstate and international medium for business transactions without being physically present in other states. This discussion will seek to illustrate internet jurisdiction. I have chosen the web site Red Envelope (Red Envelope web site, n.d.). Using the â€Å"interactive use† test for jurisdiction, the web site creator of Red Envelope may be held subject to the jurisdiction of any state that engages in business with the web site. Clearly, an analysis of the content specified in the pertinent web site reveals that there is a â€Å"two-way online communication† between the customers and the company, Red Envelope. A customer can easily order an item as specified in the web site for an amount stated therein and subject to other terms such as the terms of shipment. Clearly the information and description therein is â€Å"for the purpose of soliciting business† (Wolf, 1999). Personal jurisdiction is an issue for those who post web sites because it determines which state courts shall have authority over the issue of a case and the internet actor without infringing the due process clause of the U.S. Constitution. The courts, in the exercise of judicial power can deprive a person of liberty through imprisonment or of property by imposition of pecuniary liability in favor of a party who seeks relief. Thus, it is crucial for a web site owner to know if the court of a specific state or country can have such authority to hear and decide the claim that may arise from the use of the web site. Ordinarily, courts acquire personal jurisdiction over the defendant if he is present within the geographical or territorial area where the court sits. An exception to this rule is in the case of long arm statutes where the court may apply its provisions under the instances discussed above. Invoking the application of the long arm statute to a particular case is tantamount to having the court possess such authority over the defendant to render a binding decision notwithstanding the fact that the defendant may not be present with in the territory where the court sits. Clearly, creators of web site who may not be present in a territory where the court sits may be held liable and accountable in a binding decision. Based on an article of Christopher Wolf, there exists an ‘interactive-passive’ test of jurisdiction. The distinction lies in that, interactive test connotes that interactive uses have taken place within a state (Wolf, 1999). This means that there is more than a two-way line of internet communication to attract customers into engaging business with them as against mere information offered regarding matters (Wolf, 1999). Moreover, it signifies a high level of activity of business transactions. For instance, in the case of Red Envelope, terms and conditions for the sale of described items are clearly specified such that customers need only to order and enter their credit card numbers for payment of the item ordered. On the other hand, a passive test connotes mere information posted in the web site for the viewer’s information and satisfaction of interest in so far as the specifics of certain item or items. Finally, advertising alone does not vest a court personal jurisdiction. It takes a higher degree of activity or sales made and contacts to forum residents (Wolf, 1999). References Red Envelope web site. Retrieved on February 18, 2008, from http://www.personalcreations.com/?nc=38622&refPg=%2fhome.jsp&hp=-9782&nc2=1. West's Encyclopedia of American Law. The Gale Group, Inc. 1998. Wolf, C. Standards for internet jurisdiction. 1999. Retrieved on February 18, 2008, from http://library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241482.html ;

Soldier X Summary

Summary: Soldier X Erik Brandt is a 16 year old half Russian half German boy. He is in a program called Jungend which is also known as Hitler's Children Army. It is like Boy Scouts for German Kids. They boys in the Jungend are also enlisted soldiers who have to fight when it is needed. One day Erik is sent to fight in the war. He is shipped to the eastern front where the Germans have to fight Russia on Russian soil. Erik is uncomfortable because he is half Russian and German.He was aware of the things Germans were doing to Jews but he was convinced it was right and that Jews were preventing Germany's world domination. While traveling to Russia he becomes acquainted with some other boys in his platoon named Oskar, Jakob, and Fassnacht. They get attacks by aircraft and very few of the Germans die but the boys are pretty scared. When they reach their destination they go into the trenches and prepare to fight.Their commander explains the plan and teaches them how to use certain equipment like mines and grenades. When the first waves of Russians attack it is mainly infantry foot soldiers. The Germans win and Erik thinks it’s over and he is exhausted and tired. Then their commander says that was the easy one and tells them to prepare for tanks to start progressing. In the second wave the Germans start to drop and German hope looks lost. Erik is hit by a grenade and he is hurt. He is lying in pain in the bottom of a trench.With many dead bodies around him, he sees that playing dead won’t help because the Russians are stabbing every body they find with a bayonet. He knew he was running out of time. To his luck a tank broke down over him. He now has to think fast. He sees a dead Russian boy and puts on him uniform to disguise himself. He leaves the trench disguised as a Russian. As he is going he get shot by a surviving German in the side. He passes out and wakes up in hospital. When the soldiers he meets asks his name he says he has amnesia.He meets a you ng nurse in the hospital named Tamara. They talk a lot and get to know each other very well. They eventually fall in love. The hospital is bombed one day and they must escape. They make a plan to go all the way to the United States. They are able to escape Russia and make it to America. While sneaking through Germany Erik loses his left arm when he gets shot. The American soldiers take care of him. He gets to America with Tamara and they start a family and live their lives there where Erik becomes a history teacher.

Intuitive Surgical

This paper will explore the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitive Surgical. This paper will analyze which leadership model(s) and practices would encourage innovation considering the global context of the organization. This paper will also assess how the information in the Intuitive Surgical case study does or does not exemplify the five discovery skills. Lastly, in this paper I will assess the actions that the leaders of this organization took to shape culture and processes to be more innovative.The leadership model(s) and practices that would encourage innovation considering the global context of Intuitive Surgical Intuitive Surgical is a company that has led the country as the global technology leader in robotic assisted minimally-invasive surgery (Hoffman 2012). Their main product is the da Vinci Surgical System which is a robotic surgical system designed to perform urologic, gynecologic, cardiothoracic, and general surgeries that are much less invasive than traditional surgeries (Hoffman 2012). This company was definitely a leader within their market.Each of the different leadership models support innovation within organizations in some form or fashion. In order to grasp how, one must first develop an understanding of innovation and leadership. Innovation has many meanings, but on a broad scale one can say that innovation is thinking outside the box. Leadership is a bit harder to describe because it is best understood when seen. To put leadership in words according to Doyle and Smith, leaders often become visible when an innovative response is needed (2001).Now that we have an idea of what these words mean, one of the leadership models that would be of great benefit to Intuitive Surgical is the transformational leadership. This leadership model serves as a role model by gaining the trust and confidence of peers and employees. By stating future goals, developing plans to achieve these goals and displaying an innovative edge, transformational leaders are gen erally successful (Bass, 1985). The transformation leader gets its followers to transcend there own self-interest for the sake of the organization (Doyle & Smith 2001).As for any organization, for innovation to take place they need caring people who are will to commit to the greater good of the organization, as well as creative people who have the capacity to turn ideas into practical products and services. Therefore, with Intuitive Surgical patents expiring in the near future they should channel the transformational leadership model so they can have a great chance of building innovators within its organizations. The second leadership model that could benefit Intuitive Surgical and help with innovation in organizations is behavioral leadership.This type of leadership moved away from who leaders where to what leaders did. If they continue doing what they are doing and coming up with ideas that make patients happy with very minimal errors, this companies acquirement of innovative empl oyees will rise along with its products. How the information in the Intuitive Surgical case study does or does not exemplify the five discovery skills In The DNA of Innovators, The discovery skills are the new ideas introduced by the innovator who did the five skills of: associating, questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting.Intuitive Surgical did use some of these skills very well. The first one I noticed them using was the networking skill. According to Dyer, Gregerson & Christensen, the idea networker, â€Å"networks to actively tap into new ideas and insights by talking with people who have diverse ideas and perspectives. † They used this skill when they decided to merge with Computer Motion Inc in 2003. This merge helped them to cancel out their biggest competition and lead country with their technological advancements. Associating, as Dyer, Gregerson, & Christensen (2011) stated, â€Å"happens as the brain tries to make sense of novel inputs.Associating hel ps innovators discover new directions by making connections across seemingly unrelated questions, problems or ideas (pg 23). † I did not notice Intuitive Surgical use of this discovery skill from the case study. In The DNA of Innovators, â€Å"Innovators ask questions to understand how things really are today, why they are those ways, how they might be changed or disrupted (Dyer, Gregerson & Christensen 2011). Intuitive surgical definitely answered a lot of questions by creating the da Vinci robot.With this robot they had to ask and answer a host of questions in order to acquire the precision of their device as they did. Innovators use the observing skill by carefully watching the world around them so that what they see can help them build ideas for new ways to do things. Intuitive Surgical used this skill also when they came up with their robot. Computer Motion Inc, who they merged with, was the first company to jump into the robotic surgical field which in turn means that I ntuitive Surgical watch this method and basically grew their device from a Computer Motions initial idea.Experimenting is used by innovators when they traveling to new places, seeking new information and trying new things ideas. Given that Intuitive Surgical is a leader on a global scale, this company definitely did a lot of experimenting. Also, the fact that their invention started off being used for laparoscopic surgery and went on to be used in six other surgical procedures shows that this company had done a ton of experimenting.The actions that the leaders of Intuitive Surgical took to shape culture and processes to be more innovative Intuitive Surgical took a lot of steps to make their organization more innovative. As I stated previously, merging with their biggest competitor was genius. This move alone helped them to gain a comfortable seat at the top of the ladder as global technology leader. Also, taking the step to put patents on their work secured their spot at the top for years to come. This company has helped a monopoly in the robotic-assisted MIS market.Now that the patents are due to expire the company has had time to come up with bigger, better ideas that they can put into play after the expiration has hit which could possibly acquire new patents. That way they can continue leading their competitors and protecting their development for another x amount of years. In 2008 Annual Report Letter to the Shareholders, Intuitive Surgical emphasized that their goal is to â€Å"take surgery beyond the limits of the human hand† (Hoffman 2012).

MGTU1DB

1. Definitely not appropriate, 2. Probably not appropriate, 3. Undecided, 4. Probably appropriate, and 5. Definitely appropriate __5___ Careful study of trade journals – There is no law that prohibits the access to trade journals. Anyone with a subscription can freely peruse through journal contents. Furthermore, trade journals are reputable sources that collect data through legitimate means. __1___ Wiretapping the telephones of competitors Aside from this being against the law in most countries, it also infringes against the universal right of individuals and other entities to privacy. __4__ Posing as a potential customer to competitors Although there is nothing preventing an entity from doing this, the effort that the competition needs to exert to entertain the â€Å"fake† customer is an unethical burden to impose. This is unless the â€Å"spying† entity intends to avail of the competitor’s goods/services anyway for comparison in which case I see absolutely nothing wrong with it. __4__ Getting loyal customers to put out a phone `request for proposal` soliciting competitors` bids Since these are loyal customers, then the ‘requests for proposal’ are obviously superficial. However, it rests on the shoulders of the competitors to weed out these superficial requests and not give in to them. __5__ Buying competitors` products and taking them apart It’s called reverse engineering. If you pay for something, then you have the right to learn as much as you can from it. Of course, this is strictly on an information gathering perspective. Copying the work and selling it is subject to a whole other set of rules. __2__ Hiring management consultants who have worked for competitors I see nothing wrong with the company making this move. However, the consultants are of course subject to limitations bound by their contracts to competitors that they had worked for previously. These conditions usually include confidentiality in which case it would be futile for the company to try to get info from another company by extracting it from consultancy firms that their competitors have previously used. __4__ Rewarding competitors` employees for useful `tips` So long as the ‘tips’ are legally acquired, there’s nothing wrong with it. __3__ Questioning competitors` customers and/or suppliers There’s nothing wrong with conducting information drives to customers. Customers usually have small grievances on a competitor which could prove useful for the company. Suppliers are another matter. Suppliers especially ones that have exclusive customers by region usually do not divulge information regarding their clients. __5__ Buying and analyzing competitors` garbage It’s the same as buying the competitor’s products. __1__ Advertising and interviewing for nonexistent jobs This blatantly fools not only the competitor but also the general public. It constitutes a violation __5__ Taking public tours of competitors` facilities Since it is a public tour, then it’s perfectly alright for the company to tour competitor facilities as guided by the rules in those facilities. Violating the rules (such as taking pictures when not allowed to do so) is another matter. __2__ Releasing false information about the company in order to confuse competitors. Although the company aims to confuse competition, what it’s actually doing is also confusing the public which is generally an unacceptable business practice. There are some exceptions such as when the company bait’s competition with information that does not affect any other public or private entity aside from the competitors. These exceptions could mean something like deliberately leaving fake files in front of a competitor. __2__ Questioning competitors` technical people at trade shows and conferences Like the consultancy firms, these individuals are probably under strict contract not to divulge any pertinent information. There is no problem in questioning them, but what they reveal might even be false information that could damage the company rather than help them with the competition. __5__ Hiring key people away from competitors This is piracy. As long as the company can make offers that its competitor’s employees can’t refuse, it’s a free country. __3___ Analyzing competitors` labor union contracts It completely depends on the nature of the contracts. If it is a matter of public document, then there’s nothing wrong with procuring and analyzing it. If not, then the competitor’s privacy should be respected __1___ Having employees date persons who work for competitors If this is obligatory which is what is implied by the statement, then it violates the private life of the company’s employees. It is also most likely beyond their employees’ job descriptions. If it is voluntary, then it seems to be a matter of personal morals, although I’d still say that it is cruel. __3__ Studying aerial photographs of competitors` facilities This strictly depends on whether or not the law allows the act. I see no moral contentions outside those of mere adherence to government mandate. Reference: Gordon, H. (2003). Business Ethics. Pinedale Press: New Jersey

Polish migration to United Kingdom Research Paper

Polish migration to United Kingdom - Research Paper Example The system of wages in the United Kingdom is prominently higher than many of the states in European Union and also those states which are not parts of European Union. This paper is aimed to analyse and explicate the impact of Polish migration to United Kingdom under the free movement policy of the European Union on the economy of United Kingdom. It also presents the description of migrations to the United Kingdom and its impact on its economy. Lastly, this paper also provides recommendation for the United Kingdom to remain a part of European Union or to withdraw from it in concordance with the analysis of the economy and Polish migrations to United Kingdom. European Union and Free Movement Law European Union is a transnational political and economic union consisting twenty eight members primarily from Europe. The operations of European Union are conducted through supranational institutions which are independent. The decisions of European Union are finalized after intergovernmental ne gotiations with all of the member states (Thomson 3-9). On these bases, the legislation for free movement of persons, immigrations and asylums has been passed with mutual consent of every state in European Union. This policy of free movement is the basic principle of the Treaty in article 45. The Treaty is based on the functioning of the European Union. ... He would not be required to take the work permit to work in the migrated country and he can also be a resident of that country for the purpose of work. According to this policy, a person can stay in the migrated European Union state after the end of his employment with the right to have an equal amount of treatment as the nationals of that state enjoy. This includes access to employment in any field, the working conditions of the organization where the immigrant has been employed and every other social or financial advantage (European Commissions para. 2). Immigration to United Kingdom The United Kingdom has been one of the most favourite countries for the asylum seekers and migration mostly from former colonies such as India, Caribbean, Pakistan, Kenya, South Africa and Hong Kong. After the enactment of British nationality Act in 1981, the immigration to the United Kingdom has substantially elevated not only from non-European Union countries but also from the countries which are mem bers of European Union (BBC 5-10). As mentioned in the introductory paragraph of this paper, the United Kingdom is a member state of European Union. The free movement of workers has played a significant role in the increase of immigrations to the United Kingdom from the member states of European Union (BBC 9-10). According to a report from BBC, there were 567,000 individuals who arrived to live in United Kingdom out of which 371,000 left. Despite of this, the total inward migration to the United Kingdom was 196,000 in 2009 (BBC UK para. 1). In 2006, the number of approved citizenship is 154,095 from which the applications received were 149,035 for British citizenship. The major groups from the granted citizenships

International commercial law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

International commercial law coursework - Essay Example prohibits quantitative restrictions through the imposition of quota by any contracting party, and this principle is considered to be the cornerstone of the GATT system.1 Brazil has claimed that the quota restriction has been imposed on the ground that the solar plates emit radiation, and so, presumably the restriction has been taken as a measure to protect public health and environment. As per Article XX (b) of GATT 1994, Member states have the right take such measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided that such measures are not arbitrary or a disguised restriction on international trade, and relate to all obligations under GATT 1994 including Article XI paragraph 1 thereof.2 Consequently, Brazil’s imposition of quota restrictions on import of solar plates would be inconsistent with WTO law unless Brazil can demonstrate that the measure is covered by Article XX of GATT 1994. Brazil cannot place reliance on Article XX of GATT, 1994 to defend t he quota restriction placed on the import of solar plates for the following reasons: a). Requirement of scientific evidence and risk assessment: In order to claim the exception under Article XX of GATT 1994, there should be sufficient scientific evidence to conclude that there exists a risk for human life or health and that the measures taken by the particular Member State are necessary in relation to the objectives pursued.3 The elaborate rules for application of the provisions of Article XX of GATT 1994, including Article XX (b) thereof, are codified under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (â€Å"SPS Agreement†).4 As per the SPS Agreement any measure designed to protect human, plant or animal health, should be based on scientific principles and should not be applied without sufficient scientific evidence.5 The SPS Agreement also requires Member States to ensure that any such measures are based on an assessment of the risks to human, plant or animal life, employing proper

Thesis of both Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thesis of both Essays - Essay Example The necessity of such respect is the thesis of her essay â€Å"Respect for Life†. Wildness should exist and be protected. In the essay Jane describes the experience she gained studying chimpanzees. Goodall calls for protection of animals, chimpanzees in particular. She wants all the people to know that these animals are in danger and this danger is caused by the lack of respect for animals. People are too selfish and take care only about themselves and other humans forgetting about other living organisms, which exist on the planet. The study of chimpanzees proves that they also have the divisions into cultural groups and their way of life is very close to the life of humans. â€Å"My thirty years working with chimpanzees has taught me humility: we humans are not after all, set apart, separated from the rest of the animal kingdom by unbridgeable chasm† (Goodall). Goodall not simply states that we should take care about animals, but provides facts based on her valuable ex perience. She calls not for protection based on sympathy, but for protection based on respect. Edward Abbey in his Eco-Defense wants to draw attention to threat and offers the ways to overcome it. He provides the list of possible threats and addresses rich individuals asking to defend the wildness. Wildness should exist and be protected. The author presents an example. He asks us to imagine our actions in case if anybody penetrates our house. â€Å"If a stranger batters your door down with an axe, threatens your family and yourself with a deadly weapon, and proceeds to loot your home of whatever he wants†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Abbey). In this case humans have a right to defend themselves by calling the police, applying to court, etc. There are many ways humans can defend themselves with. But what about the nature? If humans penetrate the Mother Nature’s territory and destroys it, our nature also should have a right to defend itself. The environment is changing and this

The Future of Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Future of Cloud Computing - Essay Example In this report a discussion will be presented using the concepts provided in the chapter and in the scholarly articles about the increased use and advancements in the computer technologies. This report will analyze all three forms of the discussion and present agreements and disagreements with the authors about the future of these topics. This will reflect an individual understanding about the topic on which an appropriately structured conclusion will be developed. CHAPTER SUMMARY The findings proposed in the chapter show that the use of IT and advancement in the computer technologies require that new methods evolve. For ensuring the safety of the data providing non physical spaces to the users for storing the data have led to such innovations. The developments in mobile computing segments, artificial intelligence and cloud computing are the examples of the developments in the IT industry. These facilities provide safe storage of the data online and make accessibility easier. Associa ted to these advancements are several advantages and disadvantages. The examples of such systems are Google cloud storage, Apple’s cloud, Microsoft’s cloud and other facilities like Dropbox and Amazon. There are four forms of the information clouds namely, 1. Global information/ Internet 2. External information cloud 3. Local information cloud 4. ... The main reasons why users prefer using the cloud facilities are archiving the data in backup, store application data, computing, sharing data and building apps and websites. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 1: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTION FOR DISTRIBUTED SPACE DATA STORAGE AND ACCESS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Then high bandwidth radio telescopes generate large amounts of digitized data. The challenge associated with this is to provide the ease of access with highest efficiency of the data which is recorded. The main emphasis of the topic is to understand the storage and the retrieval of the space signals. This requires advancement in setting the core technologies and implementing it completely within the cloud computing paradigm. The article is a proposition which suggests cloud computing solutions. Within the distributed space it is required that the data stored can be accessed and at the same time it can become a part of the mobile communication networks. The modeli ng and the simulation results of the processes assist in developing an understanding that the proposed solutions perform satisfactorily in extracting the data from the specified space. The future of this process shows utter reliance on the cloud computing processes for data storage. Verification of the importance of the process and implementation of the process shows its importance in the future (Kurmis, Dzemydiene, Didziokas, & Trokss, 2013). The author of the paper is suggesting that the cloud computing process is acquiring popularity and the ease of access is providing in setting the methods which can enhance the usage. He further suggests the methods which can lead to advancements of the process. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 2: HEAD IN THE

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Business - Assignment Example However, the big question is what is the reason that made companies to take their venture on the global scale? The answer is not just the intention of the companies to expand the business volume, but companies are actually experiencing extreme difficulties to sustain in the market place with only domestic operation. Thus, international business not only worked as a factor that helped in business expansion but acted as a saviour of business as well. Moreover, the opening of the world economy and globalization has fostered the companies to embrace international expansion. The study intended to investigate about the features of international business environment and the way it differs from the domestic business environment. In addition, it also tried to assess how the chosen company Samsung deals with competition in the overseas market. The key findings of the study are that Samsung generally uses competitive pricing, mass targeting and product differentiation strategy to deal with the competition of overseas market. Introduction The notion of international business can be traced back to the early 1960s. During this epoch, several multinational enterprises emerged as a centre of focus and interest for the economists as well as general public. Majority of the literature from this era has been able to provide only a time bound perspective about this phenomenon (Campbell, 2009; Kapil, 2011). Paradoxically, economist of this phase treated multinationals as the by-products of the post world war II. It has resulted into global financial integration, improved the communication system and along with that developed the transportation technologies. From the point of view of common people, international business was seen as a way of making business expansion (Dooley, Guy, Goymer, Richards and Richards, 2006). Since that phase, the impact of international business on the global economy was phenomenal. Companies that started to operate on a global scale were truly signified as ‘multinationals’ (Nelson, 1999; Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004). With the expansion of European and East Asian firms in the international markets, a new cross-national strategic partnership came into existence. The historiography of global enterprises was tremendously enriched by some of the eminent scholars such as Mira Wilkins, D. K. Fieldhouse, Peter Hertner, Shin'ichiYonekawa, among others, who not only threw light on the origins of multinational business on the twentieth century, but have also linked their scholarly works with the wider reinterpretations of the business evolution dynamics. One of the interesting facts of international business is that since the 1960s, the international business environment is being controlled by a single country thereby reflecting a single - nation dominance (Clifton, 2012). For example, the phase of 1880 to 1914 was dominated by the United Kingdom, whereas 1950s and 1960s were dominated by the United States. However, the scenario drasti cally changed after the 1960s as the world experienced continual growth of the multinational operation and reflected a steady shift in the external factors